Lockheed S-3 Viking
| S-3 Viking | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| An S-3B Viking launches from the catapult aboard USS Abraham Lincoln. | |
| Role | Anti-submarine aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed Corporation |
| First flight | 21 January 1972 |
| Introduction | 1974 |
| Retired | 2009 |
| Status | retired |
| Primary user | United States Navy |
| Produced | 1974-1978 |
| Number built | 187 |
| Unit cost | US$27 million (1974) |
The Lockheed S-3 Viking is a jet aircraft that was used by the United States Navy to identify, track, and destroy enemy submarines. In the late 1990s, the S-3B's mission focus shifted to surface warfare and aerial refueling. The Viking also provided electronic warfare and surface surveillance capabilities to the carrier battle group. A carrier-based, subsonic, all-weather, multi-mission aircraft with long range, it carried automated weapon systems, and was capable of extended missions with in-flight refueling. Because of the engines’ low-pitched sound, it was nicknamed the "Hoover" after the vacuum cleaner brand.
The S-3 was retired from front-line fleet service aboard aircraft carriers by the US Navy in January 2009, with its missions being assumed by other platforms such as the P-3C Orion, SH-60 Seahawk, and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Several examples continue to be flown by Air Test and Evaluation Squadron THREE ZERO (VX-30) at NAS Point Mugu, California for range clearance and surveillance operations[1] and a single example is operated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at the NASA Glenn Research Center.
Contents |
Development
In the mid-1960s, the United States Navy developed the VSX (Heavier-than-air, Anti-submarine, Experimental) requirement for a replacement for the piston-engined Grumman S-2 Tracker as an anti-submarine aircraft to fly off the Navy's aircraft carriers. In August 1968, a team lead by Lockheed and a Convair/Grumman team were asked to further develop their proposals to meet this requirement.[2] Lockheed recognised that it had little recent experience in designing carrier based aircraft, so Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) was brought into the team, being responsible for the folding wings and tail, the engine nacelles, and the landing gear, which was derived from A-7 Corsair II (nose) and F-8 Crusader (main). Sperry Univac Federal Systems was assigned the task of developing the aircraft's onboard computers which integrated input from sensors and sonobuoys.[3][4]
On 4 August 1969, Lockheed's design was selected as the winner of the contest, and eight prototypes, designated YS-3A were ordered.[5] The first prototype flew on 21 January 1972[3] and the S-3 entered service in 1974. During the production run from 1974 to 1978, a total of 186 S-3As were built. The majority of the surviving S-3As were later upgraded to the S-3B variant, with sixteen aircraft converted into ES-3A Shadow electronic intelligence (ELINT) collection aircraft.
ES-3A Shadow
The ES-3A Shadow was designed as a carrier-based, subsonic, all-weather, long-range, electronic reconnaissance (ELINT) aircraft. All 16 aircraft were modified S-3 Viking airframes, which were modified with numerous additional antennas and antenna housings. The Shadow replaced the EA-3B Skywarrior, and entered fleet service in 1993.
The ES-3A carried an extensive suite of electronic sensors and communications gear, replacing the S-3’s submarine detection, armament, and maritime surveillance equipment with avionics racks accommodating the ES-3A’s sensors. These modifications had minor impact on airspeed, reducing its top rated speed from 450 KTAS to 405 KTAS but had no noticeable impact on the aircraft's range and actually increased its rated loiter time. Because these aircraft were standoff indications and warnings platforms and were never intended to be part of an ingress strike package, this new speed limitation was considered insignificant.
Design
The S-3 is a conventional monoplane with a high-mounted cantilever wing, swept 15°. The two GE TF-34 high-bypass turbofan engines mounted in nacelles under the wings provide exceptional cruise efficiency compared to turbojets or earlier turbofans.
The aircraft can seat four crew members, three officers and one enlisted aircrewman, with the pilot and the copilot/tactical coordinator (COTAC) in the front of the cockpit and the tactical coordinator (TACCO) and sensor operator (SENSO) in the back. Entry is by an entry door / ladder which folds out of the side of the fuselage. When the aircraft's Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) role ended in the late 1990s, the enlisted SENSOs were removed from the crew. In the tanking crew configuration, the S-3B typically flew with only a crew of two (pilot and COTAC). The wing is fitted with leading edge and Fowler flaps. Spoilers are fitted to both the upper and the lower surfaces of the wings. All control surfaces are actuated by dual hydraulically boosted irreversible systems. In the event of dual hydraulic failures, an Emergency Flight Control System (EFCS) permits manual control with greatly increased stick forces and reduced control authority.
Unlike many tactical jets which required ground service equipment, the S-3 was equipped with an auxiliary power unit (APU) and capable of unassisted starts. The aircraft's original APU could provide only minimal electric power and pressurized air for both aircraft cooling and for the engines' pneumatic starters. A later, more powerful APU could provide full electrical service to the airplane. The APU itself was started from a hydraulic accumulator by pulling a mechanical handle in the cockpit. The APU accumulator was fed from the primary hydraulic system, but could also be pumped up manually (with much effort) from the cockpit.
All crew members sit on forward-facing, upward-firing Douglas Escapac zero-zero ejection seats. In "group eject" mode, initiating ejection from either front seat ejects the entire crew in sequence, with the back seats ejecting 0.5 seconds before the front in order to provide safe separation. The rear seats are capable of self ejection, and the ejection sequence includes a pyrotechnic charge that stows the rear keyboard trays out of the occupants' way immediately before ejection. Safe ejection requires the seats to be weighted in pairs, and when flying with a single crewman in the back the unoccupied seat is fitted with ballast blocks.
At the time it entered the fleet, the S-3 introduced an unprecedented level of systems integration. Previous ASW aircraft like the Lockheed P-3 Orion and S-3's predecessor, the Grumman S-2 Tracker, featured separate instrumentation and controls for each sensor system. Sensor operators often monitored paper traces, using mechanical calipers to make precise measurements and annotating data by writing on the scrolling paper. Beginning with the S-3, all sensor systems were integrated through a single General Purpose Digital Computer (GPDC). Each crew station had its own display, and the COTAC, TACCO and SENSO displays were Multi-Purpose Displays (MPD), capable of displaying data from any of a number of systems. This new level of integration allowed the crew to consult with each other by examining the same data at multiple stations simultaneously, to manage workload by assigning responsibility for a given sensor from one station to another, and to easily combine clues from each sensor to classify faint targets. Because of this, the four-man S-3 was considered roughly equivalent in capability to the much larger P-3 with a crew of 12.
The aircraft has two underwing hardpoints that can be used to carry fuel tanks, general purpose and cluster bombs, missiles, rockets, and storage pods. It also has four internal bomb bay stations that can be used to carry general purpose bombs, aerial torpedoes, and special stores (B57 and B61 nuclear weapons). Fifty-nine sonobuoy chutes are fitted, as well as a dedicated Search and Rescue (SAR) chute. The S-3 is fitted with the ALE-39 countermeasure system and can carry up to 90 rounds of chaff, flares, and expendable jammers (or a combination of all) in three dispensers. A retractable magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) Boom is fitted in the tail.
In the late 1990s, the S-3B's role was changed from Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) to Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW). At that time, the MAD Boom was removed, along with several hundred pounds of submarine detection electronics. With no remaining sonobuoy processing capability, most of the sonobuoy chutes were faired over with a blanking plate.
Operational history
On 20 February 1974, the S-3A officially became operational with the Air Antisubmarine Squadron FORTY-ONE (VS-41), the "Shamrocks," at NAS North Island, California, which served as the initial S-3 Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS) for both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets until a separate Atlantic Fleet FRS, VS-27, was established in the 1980s. The first operational cruise of the S-3A took place in 1975 with the VS-21 "Fighting Redtails" aboard USS John F. Kennedy.
Starting in 1991, some S-3As were upgraded to S-3B standard with the addition of a number of new sensors, avionics, and weapons systems, including the capability to launch the AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile. The S-3B could also be fitted with "buddy stores" external fuel tanks that allowed the Viking to refuel other aircraft. 16 S-3As were converted to ES-3A Shadows for carrier-based electronic intelligence (ELINT) duties. Six aircraft, designated US-3A, were converted for a specialized utility and limited cargo COD requirement.[6][4] Plans were also made to develop the KS-3A carrier-based tanker aircraft to replace the retired KA-6D Intruder, but this program was ultimately cancelled after the conversion of just one early development S-3A.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of the Warsaw Pact, the Soviet-cum-Russian submarine threat was perceived as much reduced, and the Vikings had the majority of their antisubmarine warfare equipment removed. The aircraft's mission subsequently changed to sea surface search, sea and ground attack, over-the-horizon targeting, and aircraft refueling.[4] As a result, crews were typically limited to one Naval Aviator in the pilot seat and one Naval Flight Officer (NFO) in the copilot's seat, although the addition of an additional crewmember in the TACCO seat was not unusual for certain missions. To reflect these new missions the Viking squadrons were redesignated from "Air Antisubmarine Warfare Squadrons" to ""Sea Control Squadrons."
Prior to the aircraft's retirement from front-line fleet use aboard US aircraft carriers, a number of upgrade programs were implemented. These include the Carrier Airborne Inertial Navigation System II (CAINS II) upgrade, which replaced older inertial navigation hardware with ring laser gyroscopes and additional GPS systems, and added electronic flight instruments (EFI). The Maverick Plus System (MPS) added the capability to employ the AGM-65E laser-guided or AGM-65F infrared-guided AGM-65 Maverick air-to-surface missile, and the AGM-84H/K Stand-off Land Attack Missile Expanded Response (SLAM/ER). The SLAM/ER is a GPS/inertial/infrared guided cruise missile derived from the AGM-84 Harpoon that can be controlled by the aircrew in the terminal phase of flight if an AWW-13 data link pod is carried by the aircraft.[4]
The S-3B saw extensive service during the 1991 Gulf War, performing attack, tanker, and ELINT duties, and launching ADM-141 TALD decoys. The aircraft also participated in the Yugoslav wars in the 1990s and in Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001.
The first ES-3A was delivered in 1991, entering service after two years of testing. The Navy established two squadrons of eight ES-3A aircraft each in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to provide detachments of typically two aircraft, ten officers, and 55 enlisted aircrew, maintenance and support personnel (which comprised/supported four complete aircrews) to deploying carrier air wings. The Pacific Fleet squadron, Fleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron FIVE (VQ-5), the "Sea Shadows," was originally based at the former NAS Agana, Guam but later relocated to NAS North Island in San Diego, California with the Pacific Fleet S-3 Viking squadrons when NAS Agana closed in 1995 as a result of a 1993 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decision. The Atlantic Fleet squadron, the VQ-6 "Black Ravens," were originally based with all Atlantic Fleet S-3 Vikings at the former NAS Cecil Field in Jacksonville, Florida, but later moved to NAS Jacksonville, approximately 10 miles to the east, when NAS Cecil Field was closed in 1999 as a result of a 1993 BRAC decision.
The ES-3A operated primarily with carrier battle groups, providing organic ‘Indications and Warning’ support to the group and joint theater commanders. In addition to their warning and reconnaissance roles, and their extraordinarily stable handling characteristics and range, Shadows were a preferred recovery tanker (aircraft that provide refueling for returning aircraft). They averaged over 100 flight hours per month while deployed. Excessive utilization caused earlier than expected equipment replacement when Naval aviation funds were limited, making them an easy target for budget-driven decision makers. In 1999, both ES-3A squadrons and all 16 aircraft were decommissioned and the ES-3A inventory placed in Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (AMARG) storage at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona.
Though the S-3 was once considered being replaced by a proposed airframe known as the Common Support Aircraft, this plan failed to materialize. As the surviving S-3 airframes were forced into sundown, a Lockheed Martin full scale fatigue test was performed and extended the service life of the aircraft by approximately 11,000 hours. This supported Navy plans to retire all Vikings from front-line Fleet service by 2009 so new strike fighter and multi-mission aircraft could be introduced to recapitalize the aging Fleet inventory. with former Viking missions assumed among other fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft.
Iraq War
In March 2003, during Operation Iraqi Freedom, an S-3B Viking from Sea Control Squadron 38 (The "Red Griffins") launched from USS Constellation. The crew successfully executed a time sensitive strike and fired a laser-guided Maverick missile to neutralize a significant Iraqi naval and leadership target in the port city of Basra, Iraq.
This was one of the few times in its long and distinguished operational history that the S-3B Viking had been employed overland on an offensive combat air strike and the first time it launched a laser-guided Maverick missile in combat. The first time an S-3B was employed overland during an offensive air strike was during Operation Desert Storm when an aircraft from Squadron VS-24, from the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), attacked an Iraqi Silkworm missile site.
On 1 May 2003, US President George W. Bush flew in the co-pilot seat of a VS-35 Viking from NAS North Island, California to USS Abraham Lincoln off the California coast. There, he delivered his "Mission Accomplished" speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. During the flight, the aircraft used the customary presidential callsign of "Navy One". The aircraft that President Bush flew in was retired shortly thereafter and on 15 July 2003 was accepted as an exhibit at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.
Between July and December 2008 the VS-22 Checkmates, the last sea control squadron, operated a detachment of 4 S-3Bs from the Al Asad Air Base, 180 miles west of Baghdad. The planes were fitted with LANTIRN pods and they performed non-traditional intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance NTISR. After more than 350 missions, the Checkmates returned to NAS Jacksonville, Florida, prior to disestablishing.
Retirement
The final carrier based S-3B Squadron, VS-22 was decommissioned at NAS Jacksonville on 29 January 2009. Sea Control Wing Atlantic was decommissioned the following day on 30 January 2009, concurrent with the U.S. Navy retiring the last S-3B Viking from front-line Fleet service.[7] In June 2010 the first of three aircraft to patrol the Pacific Missile Range in Hawaii was reactivated and delivered. The jet aircraft's higher speed, 10 hour endurance, modern radar, and a LANTIRN targeting pod allow it to quickly confirm the test range is clear of wayward ships before tests commence.[8]. The S-3B is also being flown by [VX-30] based out of Point Mugu, CA.
Also, the NASA Glenn Research Center acquired an S-3B (USN BuNo 160607) in 2005. Since 2009 this aircraft with the civil registration N601NA is used for various tests.
Variants
- S-3A
- First production version, 186 built.
- S-3B
- Upgraded avionics, AN/APS-137 inverse synthetic aperture radar, Joint Tactical Information Distribution System, AGM-84 Harpoon launch capability, first flight 13 September 1984, 119 converted from S-3As.
- ES-3A Shadow
- ELINT aircraft, AN/APS-137 inverse synthetic aperture radar, first flight 15 May 1991, 16 converted from S-3A.
- KS-3A
- Proposed dedicated air tanker with fuel capacity of 4,382 US gal (16,600 l), one converted from YS-3A, later converted to US-3A.
- KS-3B
- Proposed air tanker based on S-3B and utilizing the buddy refueling system, not built.
- US-3A
- S-3A modified for carrier onboard delivery, capacity for six passengers or 4,680 lb (2,120 kg) of cargo, retired in 1998.
- Alladin Viking
- Conversion of six aircraft for overland surveillance and Elint missions. May have dropped ground sensors in the Bosnian War.
- Beartrap Viking
- S-3Bs fitted with still-classified modifications.
- Callypso Viking
- Proposed anti-smuggling variant, not built.
- Gray Wolf Viking
- One aircraft fitted with AN/APG-76 radar in a modified cargo pod under the wing. Also dubbed SeaSTARS in reference to E-8 Joint STARS.
- Orca Viking
- Avionics testbed.
- Outlaw Viking
- One S-3B fitted with Over-the-horizon Airborne Sensor Information System (OASIS III), returned to regular S-3B in 1998. This particular Viking is now on display at the San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum, located on the decommissioned USS Midway (CV-41).
- NASA Viking
- One aircraft was transformed into a state-of-the-art NASA research aircraft. The Navy's Fleet Readiness Center - Southeast and a Boeing facility in Fla. enhanced the plane by adding commercial satellite communications, global positioning navigation and weather radar systems. They installed research equipment racks in what was once the plane's bomb bay. NASA's S-3B Viking is equipped to conduct science and aeronautics missions, such as environmental monitoring, satellite communications testing and aviation safety research.[9]
Operators
S-3 Aircraft on display
- National Museum of Naval Aviation, NAS Pensacola, Florida
- NAS Jacksonville, Florida
- NAS North Island, California
- NAS Patuxent River, Maryland
- Pima Air and Space Museum (adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB), Tucson, Arizona
- USS Yorktown (CV-10) at the Patriot's Point Naval and Maritime Museum, Charleston, South Carolina
- USS Hornet (CVS-12) at the former NAS Alameda in Alameda, California
- USS Midway (CV-41) in San Diego, California
Specifications (S-3A)
Data from Standard Aircraft Characteristics[10]
General characteristics
- Crew: 4 (Pilot, 2× Naval Flight Officers, Sensor Operator/TFO)
- Length: 53 ft 4 in (16.26 m)
- Wingspan:
- Unfolded: 68 ft 8 in (20.93 m)
- Folded: 29 ft 6 in (9.00 m)
- Height: 22 ft 9 in (6.93 m)
- Wing area: 598 ft² (55.56 m²)
- Empty weight: 26,581 lb (12,057 kg)
- Loaded weight: 38,192 lb (17,324 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 52,539 lb (23,831 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× General Electric TF34-GE-2 turbofans, 9,275 lbf (41.26 kN) each
- *Internal fuel capacity: 1,933 US gal (7,320 L) of JP-5 fuel
- External fuel capacity: 2x 300 US gal (1,136 L) tanks
Performance
- Maximum speed:
- 429 kn (493 mph, 795 km/h) at sea level
- Mach 0.79, 450 kn (514 mph, 828 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m)
- Cruise speed: 350 kn (405 mph, 650 km/h)
- Stall speed: 97 kn (112 mph, 180 km/h)
- Combat radius: 2,765 nm (3,182 mi, 5,121 km)
- Service ceiling: 40,900 ft (12,465 m)
- Rate of climb: 5,120 ft/min (26.0 m/s)
- Wing loading: 68.5 lb/ft² (334 kg/m²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.353
Armament
- Up to 4,900 lb (2,220 kg) on four internal and two external hardpoints, including:
- 10 × 500 lb (227 kg) Mark 82 bombs
- 2 × 1000 lb (454 kg) Mark 83 bombs
- 2 × 2000 lb (908 kg) Mark 84 bombs
- 6 × CBU-100 cluster bombs
- 2 × Mark 50 torpedoes
- 4 × Mark 46 torpedoes
- 6 × mines or depth charges
- 2 × B57 nuclear bombs
- 2 × AGM-65E/F Maverick missiles
- 2 × AGM-84D Harpoon missiles
- 1 × AGM-84H/K SLAM-ER missile
The two underwing hardpoints can also be fitted with unguided rocket pods or 300 US gal (1,136 l) fuel tanks.
Avionics
- AN/APS-116 sea search radar, maximum range 150 nmi (173 mi, 278 km)
- Upgraded on S-3B to AN/APS-137 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
- OR-89 forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera with 3x zoom
- AN/ARS-2 sonobuoy receiver with 13 blade antennas on the airframe for precise buoy location (Sonobuoy Reference System)
- AN/ASQ-81 magnetic anomaly detector (MAD)
- AN/ASN-92 inertial guidance system with doppler radar navigation and TACAN
- Up to 60 sonobuoys (59 tactical, 1 Search and Rescue)
See also
- CP-140 Aurora
Comparable aircraft
- S-2 Tracker
- Fairey Gannet
- Breguet Alizé
Related lists
- List of Lockheed aircraft
- List of military aircraft of the United States
References
- Notes
- ↑ http://www.janes.com/news/defence/idr/idr100603_1_n.shtml
- ↑ Francillon 1982, pp. 455–456.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Godfrey 1974, p.6.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Goebel, Greg (01 May 2005). "The Lockheed S-3 Viking". Air Vectors. http://www.vectorsite.net/avs3.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ↑ Francillon 1982, p.457.
- ↑ http://www.vectorsite.net/avs3.html#m2
- ↑ "S-3B Viking re-enters USN service in test range surveillance role". IHS Jane's. 3 June 2010. http://www.janes.com/news/defence/idr/idr100603_1_n.shtml. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ↑ Wittry, Jan (2 August 2008). "Military Aircraft to Perform Aviation Safety Research". NASA's Glenn Research Center. http://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/s3_viking.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ↑ Standard Aircraft Characteristics. Navy Model S-3A Aircraft. Navair 00-110AS3-1.
- Bibliography
- Francillon, René J. Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. London:Putnam, 1982. ISBN 0-370-30329-6.
- Godfrey, David W. H. "Fixer, Finder, Striker: The S-3A Viking". Air International, July 1974, Vol 7 No 1. Bromley, UK:Fine Scroll. pp. 5–13.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. ISBN 1-84013-929-3.
External links
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||
|
||||||||||||||